Der Preis der Erreichbarkeit in Spanien
Eine Analyse von 100 städtischen Wohnungsmärkten mit 236.970 Bestandswohnungsverkäufen über den Zusammenhang zwischen lokaler Erreichbarkeit und Immobilienpreisen.
Zusammenfassung: Erreichbarkeit und Immobilienpreise in 100 Gemeinden
In den 100 größten Gemeinden Spaniens weisen Orte mit besserer alltäglicher Erreichbarkeit tendenziell höhere Quadratmeterpreise für Bestandswohnungen auf - doch die Erreichbarkeit erklärt nur einen Teil der enormen Preisunterschiede zwischen den lokalen Wohnungsmärkten.
Gemeinden mit ähnlichen Quadratmeterpreisen können dramatisch unterschiedliche BarrioRadar Scores aufweisen - und Gemeinden mit identischen Scores völlig verschiedene Preise.
This study evaluates 250m micro-grids across 2,904,985 cadastral address portals linked with official transaction records from the Consejo General del Notariado, analysing 100 municipality-level price observations covering 236,970 resale-flat transactions (214,101 price-informed) across Spain's 100 largest municipalities.
Diese Studie analysiert tatsächliche Transaktionspreise pro Quadratmeter (€/m²) für Bestandswohnungen aus beurkundeten Notarakten des Consejo General del Notariado. Sie spiegelt reale Kaufpreise wider, keine Angebotspreise auf Portalen oder Haushaltsbudgets.
Reale Städtevergleiche: Was das in der Praxis bedeutet
Die primäre Spezifikation ist ein unbereinigtes log-lineares Querschnittsmodell: ln(precio_m2) = α + β · (Score) + ε, geschätzt über N = 100 Gemeinden. Heteroskedastie-robuste Standardfehler (HC3: SE = 0,002185, t = 5,67, p = 1,34 x 10⁻⁷, 95% KI: [0,00806, 0,01673]). Das Modell erklärt 21,3% der Preisvarianz (R² = 0,2129, bereinigtes R² = 0,2048). Retransformation nutzt geometrische Modell-Medianwerte; Duans nicht-parametrischer Smearing-Faktor beträgt 1,0678.
1. Das Muster der 100 Gemeinden: Bessere Erreichbarkeit geht meist mit höheren Preisen einher
Empirische Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen dem adressgewichteten BarrioRadar-Gesamtwert und offiziellen Notariats-Transaktionspreisen pro Quadratmeter in den 100 größten spanischen Gemeinden.
Jeder Kreis steht für eine der 100 größten Gemeinden Spaniens. Der Aufwärtstrend zeigt, dass unter den 100 untersuchten Gemeinden jene mit höheren Erreichbarkeitswerten im Schnitt höhere Quadratmeterpreise für Bestandswohnungen haben.
| Rank | Gemeinde | Provinz | Gesamtwert | ÖPNV | Bestand €/m² | Transaktionen | Modell-€/m² | Abw. vs. Trend (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Barcelona | Barcelona | 76.3 | 81.0 | €4,753/m² | 15,122 | €3,585/m² | +32.6% |
| #2 | Santa Coloma de Gramenet | Barcelona | 67.7 | 59.7 | €2,417/m² | 1,245 | €3,223/m² | -25.0% |
| #3 | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | Barcelona | 67.4 | 69.1 | €2,804/m² | 3,343 | €3,211/m² | -12.7% |
| #4 | Madrid | Madrid | 64.5 | 69.8 | €5,274/m² | 36,347 | €3,097/m² | +70.3% |
| #5 | València | València/Valencia | 60.6 | 71.4 | €2,679/m² | 8,730 | €2,951/m² | -9.2% |
| #6 | Barakaldo | Bizkaia | 60.6 | 43.2 | €2,895/m² | 1,211 | €2,951/m² | -1.9% |
| #7 | Salamanca | Salamanca | 59.2 | 61.3 | €1,819/m² | 2,040 | €2,900/m² | -37.3% |
| #8 | Sevilla | Sevilla | 58.2 | 63.2 | €2,342/m² | 7,353 | €2,865/m² | -18.2% |
| #9 | Pamplona/Iruña | Navarra | 57.3 | 65.3 | €2,866/m² | 1,710 | €2,833/m² | +1.2% |
| #10 | Granada | Granada | 56.1 | 69.2 | €1,934/m² | 2,984 | €2,791/m² | -30.7% |
| #11 | A Coruña | A Coruña | 55.6 | 66.4 | €2,777/m² | 2,063 | €2,774/m² | +0.1% |
| #12 | Cádiz | Cádiz | 55.4 | 36.7 | €2,682/m² | 1,104 | €2,767/m² | -3.1% |
2. Welche Erreichbarkeitsbereiche prägen die Immobilienpreise am stärksten?
Der Vergleich einzelner log-linearer Regressionsmodelle zeigt, dass die ÖPNV-Anbindung die stärkste statistische Beziehung zu den Immobilienpreisen aufweist.
Vergleicht, wie viel der Preisvariation zwischen den Gemeinden durch jede der vier Dimensionen einzeln erklärt wird. Der Nahverkehr führt mit 29,2%, gefolgt von Familie & Bildung (18,0%), Gastronomie & Freizeit (9,3%) und Nahversorgung (8,4%).
| Dimension | N | Pearson r | Spearman ρ | R² (Log-Preis-Varianz) | Steigung (β) | Δ% je +10 Pkt. | 95% Konfidenzintervall | p-Wert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public Transit | 93 | 0.5064 | 0.5198 | 0.2918 (29.2%) | 0.0107 | +11.28% | [0.338, 0.644] | < 0.001 |
| Family & Education | 100 | 0.3878 | 0.4072 | 0.1797 (18.0%) | 0.0126 | +13.38% | [0.207, 0.543] | < 0.001 |
| Lifestyle & Dining | 100 | 0.2615 | 0.2759 | 0.0931 (9.3%) | 0.0071 | +7.38% | [0.069, 0.435] | 0.002 |
| Daily Essentials | 100 | 0.2388 | 0.2576 | 0.0843 (8.4%) | 0.0078 | +8.17% | [0.044, 0.416] | 0.003 |
3. Ähnliche Erreichbarkeit, sehr unterschiedliche Preise
Gemeinden mit nahezu identischen Erreichbarkeitswerten weisen häufig drastisch unterschiedliche Preisniveaus auf, was zeigt, dass Erreichbarkeit nur eine Facette des Wohnungsmarktes ist.
| Municipality A | Score A | Price A (€/m²) | Municipality B | Score B | Price B (€/m²) | Score Diff | Price Spread (€/m²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donostia/San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) | 52.3 | €6,337/m² | Manresa (Barcelona) | 51.8 | €1,355/m² | 0.5 pts | +€4,982/m² (+367.8%) |
| Granada (Granada) | 56.1 | €1,934/m² | Donostia/San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) | 52.3 | €6,337/m² | 3.8 pts | +€4,403/m² (+227.7%) |
| Donostia/San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) | 52.3 | €6,337/m² | Zaragoza (Zaragoza) | 49.1 | €2,044/m² | 3.2 pts | +€4,292/m² (+210.0%) |
| Donostia/San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) | 52.3 | €6,337/m² | Girona (Girona) | 48.6 | €2,387/m² | 3.7 pts | +€3,950/m² (+165.5%) |
| Cáceres (Cáceres) | 30.2 | €1,153/m² | Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona) | 29.8 | €4,924/m² | 0.4 pts | +€3,771/m² (+327.0%) |
| Donostia/San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) | 52.3 | €6,337/m² | Torrejón de Ardoz (Madrid) | 52.2 | €2,572/m² | 0.1 pts | +€3,765/m² (+146.4%) |
4. Ähnliche Preise, sehr unterschiedliche Erreichbarkeit
Bei gleichem Quadratmeterpreis finden Käufer in den verschiedenen spanischen Städten grundlegend unterschiedliche Nahversorgungs- und Erreichbarkeitsprofile vor.
| Municipality A | Price A (€/m²) | Score A | Municipality B | Price B (€/m²) | Score B | Price Spread | Accessibility Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barcelona (Barcelona) | €4,753/m² | 76.3 | Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona) | €4,924/m² | 29.8 | €171/m² | 46.5 pts |
| Salamanca (Salamanca) | €1,819/m² | 59.2 | Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz) | €1,808/m² | 15.1 | €12/m² | 44.1 pts |
| Santa Coloma de Gramenet (Barcelona) | €2,417/m² | 67.7 | Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña) | €2,405/m² | 24.7 | €12/m² | 43.0 pts |
| Hospitalet de Llobregat, L' (Barcelona) | €2,804/m² | 67.4 | Rivas-Vaciamadrid (Madrid) | €2,673/m² | 24.9 | €131/m² | 42.5 pts |
| Barcelona (Barcelona) | €4,753/m² | 76.3 | Alcobendas (Madrid) | €4,654/m² | 36.5 | €99/m² | 39.8 pts |
| Barakaldo (Bizkaia) | €2,895/m² | 60.6 | Mijas (Málaga) | €2,955/m² | 22.0 | €60/m² | 38.6 pts |
5. Wo Preise am stärksten vom Muster der 100 Gemeinden abweichen
Die Abweichung von der geschätzten log-linearen Regressionskurve verdeutlicht, welche Märkte über oder unter dem allein durch Erreichbarkeit prognostizierten Wert notieren.
Balken nach rechts (rot) zeigen Gemeinden mit höheren Quadratmeterpreisen als allein durch Erreichbarkeit vorhergesagt; Balken nach links (blau) zeigen niedrigere Preise. Dies spiegelt lokale Wirtschaftsdaten oder Geografie wider, keine 'Überbewertung'.
Top 5 Municipalities Above National Accessibility Trend
| Municipality | Score | Actual €/m² | Fitted €/m² | Difference (€/m²) | Deviation vs Trend (%) | Transactions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona) | 29.8 | €4,924/m² | €2,015/m² | +€2,910/m² | +144.4% | 534 |
| Marbella (Málaga) | 21.6 | €4,371/m² | €1,820/m² | +€2,551/m² | +140.2% | 2,793 |
| Donostia/San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) | 52.3 | €6,337/m² | €2,663/m² | +€3,674/m² | +138.0% | 1,619 |
| Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid) | 35.4 | €5,018/m² | €2,160/m² | +€2,858/m² | +132.3% | 462 |
| Alcobendas (Madrid) | 36.5 | €4,654/m² | €2,189/m² | +€2,465/m² | +112.6% | 903 |
Top 5 Municipalities Below National Accessibility Trend
| Municipality | Score | Actual €/m² | Fitted €/m² | Difference (€/m²) | Deviation vs Trend (%) | Transactions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manresa (Barcelona) | 51.8 | €1,355/m² | €2,646/m² | -€1,292/m² | -48.8% | 981 |
| Lleida (Lleida) | 43.8 | €1,338/m² | €2,396/m² | -€1,059/m² | -44.2% | 1,824 |
| Cáceres (Cáceres) | 30.2 | €1,153/m² | €2,025/m² | -€872/m² | -43.0% | 1,581 |
| Lugo (Lugo) | 27.8 | €1,189/m² | €1,965/m² | -€777/m² | -39.5% | 958 |
| Albacete (Albacete) | 44.3 | €1,470/m² | €2,411/m² | -€941/m² | -39.0% | 1,637 |
6. Ändert sich das Muster bei Häusern und Neubauten?
Der Vergleich von vier Wohnungsformaten offenbart ausgeprägte strukturelle Unterschiede zwischen Mehrfamilienhäusern und freistehenden Einfamilienhäusern.
| Wohnformat | N | Transaktionen | Pearson r | Spearman ρ | Steigung (β) | Δ% je +10 Pkt. | R² (Log-Preis-Varianz) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resale Flats | 100 | 236,970 | 0.4144 | 0.4571 | 0.0124 | +13.19% | 0.2129 (21.3%) |
| New-Build Flats | 99 | 27,553 | 0.4749 | 0.4923 | 0.0123 | +13.08% | 0.2433 (24.3%) |
| Resale Houses | 100 | 29,660 | 0.3272 | 0.3788 | 0.0123 | +13.06% | 0.1410 (14.1%) |
| New-Build Houses Sparse Coverage (61/100) | 61 | 2,017 | 0.2425 | 0.3011 | 0.0081 | +8.42% | 0.0607 (6.1%) |
7. Robustheitsprüfung: Wird der Zusammenhang ausschließlich von Madrid und Barcelona getrieben?
Der positive Zusammenhang bleibt auch nach Ausschluss der einflussreichsten Beobachtungen sowie nach Ausschluss von Madrid und Barcelona bestehen.
Secondary Transaction-Weighted Model (WLS)
In a secondary transaction-weighted sensitivity analysis weighting each municipality by its informed transaction count, the association is estimated at +19.5% per +10 score points (R² = 0.497). The unweighted Top 100 model remains our primary benchmark because the fundamental unit of analysis is the municipality.
8. Vollständiger Datensatz der 100 Gemeinden
Der vollständige Querschnittsdatensatz, der BarrioRadar v1.1 Erreichbarkeitswerte mit offiziellen Notariats-Transaktionen verbindet.
| Rank | Gemeinde | Provinz | Einwohner | Gesamtwert | ÖPNV | Versorgung | Freizeit | Familie | Bestand €/m² | Transaktionen | Modell-€/m² | Abw. vs. Trend (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Barcelona | Barcelona | 1,702,547 | 76.3 | 81.0 | 74.7 | 82.0 | 67.9 | €4,753/m² | 15,122 | €3,585/m² | +32.6% |
| #2 | Santa Coloma de Gramenet | Barcelona | 121,203 | 67.7 | 59.7 | 77.3 | 76.1 | 58.2 | €2,417/m² | 1,245 | €3,223/m² | -25.0% |
| #3 | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | Barcelona | 279,993 | 67.4 | 69.1 | 73.1 | 74.2 | 51.8 | €2,804/m² | 3,343 | €3,211/m² | -12.7% |
| #4 | Madrid | Madrid | 3,416,771 | 64.5 | 69.8 | 65.0 | 61.8 | 61.4 | €5,274/m² | 36,347 | €3,097/m² | +70.3% |
| #5 | València | València/Valencia | 825,948 | 60.6 | 71.4 | 64.5 | 63.3 | 38.9 | €2,679/m² | 8,730 | €2,951/m² | -9.2% |
| #6 | Barakaldo | Bizkaia | 101,984 | 60.6 | 43.2 | 68.2 | 81.6 | 60.7 | €2,895/m² | 1,211 | €2,951/m² | -1.9% |
| #7 | Salamanca | Salamanca | 144,866 | 59.2 | 61.3 | 63.8 | 62.8 | 48.4 | €1,819/m² | 2,040 | €2,900/m² | -37.3% |
| #8 | Sevilla | Sevilla | 687,488 | 58.2 | 63.2 | 63.5 | 59.9 | 44.0 | €2,342/m² | 7,353 | €2,865/m² | -18.2% |
| #9 | Pamplona/Iruña | Navarra | 207,777 | 57.3 | 65.3 | 67.8 | 58.9 | 29.4 | €2,866/m² | 1,710 | €2,833/m² | +1.2% |
| #10 | Granada | Granada | 232,717 | 56.1 | 69.2 | 64.8 | 54.2 | 27.8 | €1,934/m² | 2,984 | €2,791/m² | -30.7% |
| #11 | A Coruña | A Coruña | 249,261 | 55.6 | 66.4 | 65.7 | 60.0 | 24.1 | €2,777/m² | 2,063 | €2,774/m² | +0.1% |
| #12 | Cádiz | Cádiz | 110,914 | 55.4 | 36.7 | 77.9 | 73.1 | 43.0 | €2,682/m² | 1,104 | €2,767/m² | -3.1% |
| #13 | Badalona | Barcelona | 227,083 | 54.2 | 37.8 | 72.4 | 69.2 | 47.3 | €2,667/m² | 2,504 | €2,726/m² | -2.2% |
| #14 | Cornellà de Llobregat | Barcelona | 91,589 | 53.6 | 70.3 | 59.0 | 55.2 | 22.8 | €2,774/m² | 1,011 | €2,706/m² | +2.5% |
| #15 | Donostia/San Sebastián | Gipuzkoa | 189,093 | 52.3 | 62.2 | 55.8 | 51.8 | 38.0 | €6,337/m² | 1,619 | €2,663/m² | +138.0% |
| #16 | Torrejón de Ardoz | Madrid | 140,626 | 52.2 | 45.7 | 55.2 | 58.6 | 57.9 | €2,572/m² | 1,139 | €2,659/m² | -3.3% |
| #17 | Manresa | Barcelona | 80,201 | 51.8 | 58.6 | 62.2 | 52.5 | 28.8 | €1,355/m² | 981 | €2,646/m² | -48.8% |
| #18 | Zaragoza | Zaragoza | 686,986 | 49.1 | 47.4 | 54.8 | 51.3 | 46.1 | €2,044/m² | 7,015 | €2,559/m² | -20.1% |
| #19 | Girona | Girona | 107,032 | 48.6 | 42.0 | 53.4 | 59.0 | 49.7 | €2,387/m² | 992 | €2,543/m² | -6.2% |
| #20 | Mataró | Barcelona | 131,798 | 45.9 | 54.9 | 51.4 | 47.9 | 25.0 | €2,371/m² | 1,546 | €2,460/m² | -3.6% |
| #21 | Bilbao | Bizkaia | 348,089 | 45.7 | 24.1 | 69.9 | 67.9 | 34.5 | €3,543/m² | 3,818 | €2,454/m² | +44.4% |
| #22 | Móstoles | Madrid | 214,006 | 45.0 | 54.5 | 41.7 | 42.4 | 47.7 | €2,527/m² | 1,625 | €2,432/m² | +3.9% |
| #23 | Burgos | Burgos | 175,895 | 44.7 | 48.5 | 49.5 | 48.7 | 35.5 | €1,834/m² | 1,913 | €2,423/m² | -24.3% |
| #24 | Fuengirola | Málaga | 85,859 | 44.3 | 29.6 | 55.9 | 71.0 | 34.5 | €3,492/m² | 1,303 | €2,411/m² | +44.8% |
| #25 | Albacete | Albacete | 174,137 | 44.3 | — | 46.1 | 47.5 | 38.2 | €1,470/m² | 1,637 | €2,411/m² | -39.0% |
| #26 | Lleida | Lleida | 144,739 | 43.8 | 41.2 | 50.5 | 51.1 | 35.7 | €1,338/m² | 1,824 | €2,396/m² | -44.2% |
| #27 | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | 211,359 | 43.6 | 59.0 | 46.1 | 41.7 | 26.3 | €2,213/m² | 1,470 | €2,391/m² | -7.4% |
| #28 | Valladolid | Valladolid | 300,618 | 43.3 | 50.4 | 46.4 | 48.4 | 31.7 | €1,676/m² | 3,312 | €2,382/m² | -29.6% |
| #29 | Alacant/Alicante | Alacant/Alicante | 358,720 | 43.2 | 53.5 | 42.9 | 44.0 | 33.6 | €1,990/m² | 5,238 | €2,379/m² | -16.3% |
| #30 | Fuenlabrada | Madrid | 190,790 | 42.8 | 44.3 | 50.4 | 44.0 | 35.2 | €2,478/m² | 1,449 | €2,367/m² | +4.7% |
| #31 | Getafe | Madrid | 189,906 | 42.6 | 47.4 | 48.2 | 35.7 | 40.0 | €2,951/m² | 1,455 | €2,361/m² | +25.0% |
| #32 | Alcalá de Henares | Madrid | 200,702 | 42.4 | 47.9 | 41.5 | 40.3 | 45.9 | €2,429/m² | 1,954 | €2,355/m² | +3.1% |
| #33 | Vitoria-Gasteiz | Araba/Álava | 257,968 | 42.4 | 41.7 | 45.6 | 55.9 | 32.2 | €2,744/m² | 2,489 | €2,355/m² | +16.5% |
| #34 | Sabadell | Barcelona | 222,177 | 41.6 | 41.9 | 55.8 | 38.8 | 30.0 | €2,167/m² | 2,586 | €2,332/m² | -7.1% |
| #35 | Leganés | Madrid | 194,084 | 40.4 | 58.4 | 42.2 | 30.5 | 29.3 | €2,889/m² | 1,448 | €2,298/m² | +25.8% |
| #36 | Coslada | Madrid | 80,760 | 40.2 | 26.2 | 54.0 | 50.6 | 44.4 | €2,812/m² | 635 | €2,292/m² | +22.7% |
| #37 | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | Las Palmas | 380,436 | 39.6 | 52.0 | 43.9 | 32.6 | 30.2 | €2,346/m² | 3,218 | €2,275/m² | +3.1% |
| #38 | Alcorcón | Madrid | 173,625 | 39.5 | 54.1 | 40.4 | 28.8 | 37.3 | €2,994/m² | 1,194 | €2,272/m² | +31.8% |
| #39 | San Fernando | Cádiz | 93,645 | 38.8 | 30.6 | 60.0 | 39.6 | 28.8 | €1,743/m² | 953 | €2,252/m² | -22.6% |
| #40 | Tarragona | Tarragona | 141,151 | 38.4 | 41.1 | 47.7 | 42.8 | 24.0 | €1,714/m² | 1,871 | €2,241/m² | -23.5% |
| #41 | Palma | Illes Balears | 431,521 | 38.4 | 41.1 | 47.3 | 47.3 | 20.3 | €3,950/m² | 3,800 | €2,241/m² | +76.2% |
| #42 | Sant Boi de Llobregat | Barcelona | 84,831 | 38.0 | 17.4 | 60.4 | 58.9 | 35.5 | €2,786/m² | 875 | €2,230/m² | +24.9% |
| #43 | Logroño | La Rioja | 151,164 | 37.8 | 24.2 | 46.7 | 58.7 | 39.1 | €1,643/m² | 1,959 | €2,225/m² | -26.1% |
| #44 | San Sebastián de los Reyes | Madrid | 94,969 | 37.4 | 47.0 | 31.3 | 29.0 | 49.7 | €3,558/m² | 721 | €2,214/m² | +60.7% |
| #45 | Alcobendas | Madrid | 121,373 | 36.5 | 49.1 | 29.6 | 31.6 | 44.2 | €4,654/m² | 903 | €2,189/m² | +112.6% |
| #46 | Terrassa | Barcelona | 228,708 | 36.4 | 34.3 | 48.5 | 34.3 | 34.6 | €2,086/m² | 2,964 | €2,186/m² | -4.6% |
| #47 | Benalmádena | Málaga | 77,654 | 36.2 | 36.6 | 43.8 | 42.7 | 27.2 | €3,142/m² | 1,430 | €2,181/m² | +44.1% |
| #48 | Málaga | Málaga | 591,637 | 36.0 | 49.9 | 45.4 | 28.6 | 15.6 | €3,039/m² | 4,429 | €2,176/m² | +39.7% |
| #49 | Pozuelo de Alarcón | Madrid | 89,378 | 35.4 | 54.1 | 32.2 | 24.7 | 34.8 | €5,018/m² | 462 | €2,160/m² | +132.3% |
| #50 | Oviedo | Asturias | 220,543 | 34.9 | 45.3 | 38.5 | 39.2 | 21.0 | €1,812/m² | 2,982 | €2,146/m² | -15.6% |
| #51 | Gandia | València/Valencia | 80,095 | 34.2 | 29.0 | 39.1 | 47.0 | 34.1 | €1,487/m² | 1,491 | €2,128/m² | -30.1% |
| #52 | Castelló de la Plana/Castellón de la Plana | Castelló/Castellón | 180,379 | 33.8 | 45.6 | 36.7 | 35.9 | 20.4 | €1,301/m² | 1,974 | €2,117/m² | -38.6% |
| #53 | Toledo | Toledo | 86,526 | 33.1 | 41.1 | 37.7 | 36.4 | 20.0 | €1,687/m² | 777 | €2,099/m² | -19.6% |
| #54 | Valdemoro | Madrid | 83,507 | 32.4 | 37.2 | 29.6 | 30.1 | 43.0 | €2,190/m² | 809 | €2,081/m² | +5.2% |
| #55 | Jaén | Jaén | 112,074 | 31.9 | 12.2 | 53.3 | 50.8 | 31.1 | €1,279/m² | 1,349 | €2,068/m² | -38.2% |
| #56 | Santander | Cantabria | 174,101 | 31.7 | 24.2 | 49.5 | 36.3 | 28.2 | €2,859/m² | 1,916 | €2,063/m² | +38.6% |
| #57 | Parla | Madrid | 134,833 | 30.9 | 35.6 | 33.6 | 21.2 | 40.1 | €1,995/m² | 1,195 | €2,042/m² | -2.3% |
| #58 | San Cristóbal de La Laguna | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | 160,258 | 30.3 | 48.2 | 34.5 | 23.3 | 15.9 | €1,861/m² | 846 | €2,027/m² | -8.2% |
| #59 | Cáceres | Cáceres | 96,441 | 30.2 | 40.5 | 41.7 | 25.7 | 10.1 | €1,153/m² | 1,581 | €2,025/m² | -43.0% |
| #60 | Estepona | Málaga | 78,413 | 30.1 | — | 33.9 | 30.2 | 24.4 | €3,281/m² | 1,985 | €2,022/m² | +62.3% |
| #61 | Dos Hermanas | Sevilla | 140,430 | 30.0 | 27.6 | 44.3 | 33.4 | 21.6 | €1,354/m² | 1,683 | €2,020/m² | -33.0% |
| #62 | Las Rozas de Madrid | Madrid | 98,590 | 29.8 | 58.0 | 23.1 | 19.7 | 25.6 | €3,908/m² | 717 | €2,015/m² | +94.0% |
| #63 | Sant Cugat del Vallès | Barcelona | 98,621 | 29.8 | 41.9 | 34.3 | 29.4 | 17.5 | €4,924/m² | 534 | €2,015/m² | +144.4% |
| #64 | Torrent | València/Valencia | 89,401 | 29.8 | 26.7 | 35.3 | 44.0 | 22.5 | €1,453/m² | 866 | €2,015/m² | -27.9% |
| #65 | Ourense | Ourense | 104,891 | 28.3 | 28.1 | 33.7 | 35.5 | 24.3 | €1,368/m² | 911 | €1,978/m² | -30.8% |
| #66 | Reus | Tarragona | 109,930 | 28.2 | 5.0 | 53.5 | 51.0 | 27.5 | €1,453/m² | 1,330 | €1,975/m² | -26.4% |
| #67 | Lugo | Lugo | 99,482 | 27.8 | 21.9 | 41.2 | 37.5 | 18.9 | €1,189/m² | 958 | €1,965/m² | -39.5% |
| #68 | Almería | Almería | 202,675 | 27.6 | 18.1 | 42.8 | 38.7 | 25.8 | €1,570/m² | 2,167 | €1,961/m² | -19.9% |
| #69 | Roquetas de Mar | Almería | 109,204 | 26.7 | 27.6 | 34.7 | 28.9 | 26.5 | €1,438/m² | 2,003 | €1,939/m² | -25.8% |
| #70 | León | León | 122,243 | 25.8 | 5.0 | 47.4 | 49.5 | 25.6 | €1,398/m² | 1,576 | €1,917/m² | -27.1% |
| #71 | Rivas-Vaciamadrid | Madrid | 101,949 | 24.9 | 21.1 | 33.2 | 30.8 | 33.0 | €2,673/m² | 435 | €1,896/m² | +41.0% |
| #72 | Santiago de Compostela | A Coruña | 99,536 | 24.7 | 24.1 | 35.3 | 29.3 | 19.1 | €2,405/m² | 554 | €1,891/m² | +27.1% |
| #73 | Pontevedra | Pontevedra | 83,077 | 24.6 | 40.7 | 29.1 | 19.8 | 13.7 | €1,918/m² | 553 | €1,889/m² | +1.6% |
| #74 | Rubí | Barcelona | 81,532 | 24.2 | 19.2 | 31.1 | 30.3 | 27.3 | €2,203/m² | 776 | €1,880/m² | +17.2% |
| #75 | Gijón | Asturias | 268,561 | 23.8 | 28.6 | 29.9 | 26.6 | 15.1 | €2,168/m² | 3,002 | €1,870/m² | +15.9% |
| #76 | Vigo | Pontevedra | 293,977 | 23.3 | 20.8 | 37.0 | 25.9 | 19.2 | €2,237/m² | 1,850 | €1,859/m² | +20.4% |
| #77 | Telde | Las Palmas | 102,867 | 22.3 | — | 26.2 | 13.5 | 25.2 | €1,660/m² | 568 | €1,836/m² | -9.6% |
| #78 | Mijas | Málaga | 93,302 | 22.0 | 23.3 | 27.7 | 28.2 | 19.2 | €2,955/m² | 2,054 | €1,829/m² | +61.6% |
| #79 | Huelva | Huelva | 143,290 | 21.9 | 10.3 | 49.7 | 30.5 | 12.3 | €1,431/m² | 1,605 | €1,827/m² | -21.7% |
| #80 | Ceuta | Ceuta | 83,229 | 21.7 | — | 29.3 | 15.5 | 16.3 | €2,010/m² | 598 | €1,822/m² | +10.3% |
| #81 | Marbella | Málaga | 159,000 | 21.6 | — | 27.6 | 23.9 | 10.4 | €4,371/m² | 2,793 | €1,820/m² | +140.2% |
| #82 | Torrevieja | Alacant/Alicante | 94,803 | 20.9 | 6.2 | 40.7 | 43.3 | 17.9 | €2,031/m² | 4,739 | €1,804/m² | +12.5% |
| #83 | Vélez-Málaga | Málaga | 85,990 | 20.6 | 15.9 | 34.1 | 26.8 | 17.5 | €2,294/m² | 766 | €1,798/m² | +27.6% |
| #84 | Melilla | Melilla | 85,811 | 19.8 | — | 29.5 | 17.4 | 7.9 | €1,955/m² | 445 | €1,780/m² | +9.9% |
| #85 | Elx/Elche | Alacant/Alicante | 243,128 | 19.4 | 11.7 | 30.7 | 29.5 | 16.9 | €1,372/m² | 2,369 | €1,771/m² | -22.5% |
| #86 | Talavera de la Reina | Toledo | 84,738 | 19.0 | 5.0 | 35.0 | 33.2 | 18.7 | €1,123/m² | 1,126 | €1,762/m² | -36.2% |
| #87 | Arona | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | 86,624 | 18.9 | 31.8 | 23.5 | 18.9 | 11.7 | €3,253/m² | 1,328 | €1,760/m² | +84.8% |
| #88 | Córdoba | Córdoba | 322,811 | 18.5 | 8.4 | 34.4 | 26.0 | 18.8 | €1,607/m² | 4,087 | €1,751/m² | -8.3% |
| #89 | Algeciras | Cádiz | 124,978 | 18.4 | 13.7 | 33.6 | 21.3 | 16.7 | €1,216/m² | 1,153 | €1,749/m² | -30.5% |
| #90 | Chiclana de la Frontera | Cádiz | 89,794 | 15.1 | 9.3 | 29.5 | 22.5 | 13.1 | €1,808/m² | 681 | €1,679/m² | +7.7% |
| #91 | Guadalajara | Guadalajara | 90,909 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 23.8 | 27.4 | 26.2 | €1,694/m² | 766 | €1,677/m² | +1.0% |
| #92 | El Puerto de Santa María | Cádiz | 89,960 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 25.4 | 17.4 | 11.4 | €2,151/m² | 834 | €1,671/m² | +28.7% |
| #93 | El Ejido | Almería | 90,135 | 14.3 | 12.1 | 25.2 | 15.7 | 21.4 | €1,081/m² | 1,357 | €1,663/m² | -35.0% |
| #94 | Badajoz | Badajoz | 150,570 | 13.3 | 5.0 | 32.8 | 19.9 | 9.3 | €1,437/m² | 1,590 | €1,642/m² | -12.5% |
| #95 | Murcia | Murcia | 474,617 | 12.9 | 11.3 | 23.6 | 13.6 | 12.6 | €1,446/m² | 4,508 | €1,634/m² | -11.5% |
| #96 | Cartagena | Murcia | 219,777 | 12.3 | 5.0 | 30.1 | 18.7 | 11.2 | €1,449/m² | 2,168 | €1,622/m² | -10.7% |
| #97 | Orihuela | Alacant/Alicante | 83,720 | 11.9 | 6.2 | 23.0 | 20.8 | 12.5 | €2,127/m² | 2,449 | €1,614/m² | +31.8% |
| #98 | Jerez de la Frontera | Cádiz | 213,688 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 23.7 | 17.7 | 8.4 | €1,472/m² | 1,989 | €1,604/m² | -8.2% |
| #99 | Molina de Segura | Murcia | 77,493 | 11.2 | — | 11.9 | 8.8 | 12.6 | €1,009/m² | 672 | €1,600/m² | -36.9% |
| #100 | Lorca | Murcia | 98,334 | 9.9 | 5.0 | 16.7 | 17.2 | 12.4 | €1,109/m² | 511 | €1,574/m² | -29.6% |
9. Methodik, Datenherkunft & Limitationen
Detaillierte technische Dokumentation der Datenquellen, Geoverknüpfungen, ökonometrischen Spezifikationen und Modellgrenzen.
1. Official Real Estate Transactions • Consejo General del Notariado
Property transaction metrics are derived from Consejo General del Notariado. Mandatory source attribution: Según el Portal Estadístico del Notariado, desarrollado por el Consejo General del Notariado.
The primary metric evaluates resale urban flats (clase_finca_urbana_id = 14,
tipo_construccion_id = 9). The reported precio_m2 represents an aggregate
arithmetic measure computed from 214,101 informed transaction records out of 236,970 total represented
transactions, rather than a median. Observations where transaction sample sizes fall below threshold (N
< 10) are subject to official statistical suppression and are treated strictly as missing values.
2. Territorial Cohort Definition
The study cohort comprises Spain's 100 largest municipalities by official resident population according to the INE Padrón Municipal (ranging from Madrid with 3,422,447 residents to Soria with 40,404 residents). Together, these 100 municipalities account for 22,646,615 residents (47.2% of Spain's total population) and 2,904,985 cadastral address portals across 96,761 evaluated 250m grid cells.
3. BarrioRadar Scoring Model (v1.1) & Geographic Weighting
Accessibility scores are calculated using the BarrioRadar v1.1 scoring engine across uniform 250m × 250m grid cells, combining GTFS scheduled transit timetables (30%), daily essentials (30%), lifestyle venues (20%), and family amenities (20%). To represent where residents actually live rather than empty territory, municipal aggregate scores are weighted by CartoCiudad cadastral address portals.
4. Econometric Specification, Robust Inference & Retransformation
The primary regression specification is log-linear: ln(precio_m2) = α + β · (Score) + ε
estimated across N = 100 municipal observations. Statistical inference is validated using
heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors (MacKinnon & White HC3: SE = 0.002185, t = 5.67, p = 1.34 ×
10⁻⁷, 95% CI: [0.00806, 0.01673]). The percentage price association per 10 score points is computed as
(exp(10 · β) - 1) × 100%, yielding +13.19% (HC3 95% CI: +8.39% to +18.21%).
Fitted €/m² values in tables and visualisations represent geometric model-median
predictions (exp(α + β · Score)). For reference, Duan's non-parametric smearing
factor across model residuals is 1.0678, yielding a smeared sample conditional mean
prediction of €2,338/m² (matching sample actual mean €2,336/m²).
Association does not imply causation: Municipal property prices may also reflect factors not modelled in this study, including household income, employment structure, housing supply constraints, geographical boundaries, tourism, coastal proximity, foreign demand, and individual property physical characteristics.
Zitierweise dieser Studie
If referencing this dataset or research in academic research, journalistic reporting, or policy publications, please cite as:
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